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The "Report on the Implementation of the 'Solid Waste Pollution Environment Control Law of the People's Republic of China'" shows that the amount of solid waste generated in China has been continuously increasing, and the situation of solid waste pollution control has become increasingly severe. Among them, the construction waste alone generates approximately 1.8 billion tons every year in China.
The amount of construction waste in our country is experiencing an exponential growth trend. Construction waste is a type of waste. It refers to all kinds of waste generated during the demolition, construction, reconstruction, maintenance, decoration and natural disasters of buildings and structures. This includes waste concrete blocks, asphalt concrete blocks, bricks and tiles, miscellaneous soil, mortar and concrete scattered during the construction process, broken bricks and debris, metals, wood, waste from decoration and renovation, various packaging materials, and other types of solid waste. Since the waste generated from land excavation, road excavation and construction materials production can generally be fully (recycled), construction waste generally refers to the demolition waste of old buildings and construction waste during construction.
The composition of demolition waste from old buildings is related to the type of the building: In abandoned old residential buildings, bricks, rubble, concrete blocks, and construction waste account for approximately 80%, while the rest are wood, broken glass, lime, metal, packaging materials, waterproof materials, various telecommunications lines and power lines, and plastic products, etc. In abandoned old industrial and commercial buildings, concrete blocks account for approximately 50% to 60%, while the rest are metal, bricks, blocks, plastic products, etc. The composition ratio of waste varies slightly for different structural types of construction sites, and the amount of waste varies greatly at different construction sites due to different construction management conditions.
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From 2006 to 2014, the construction area of buildings in our country showed an exponential growth. This indicates that the amount of construction waste in our country is also likely to increase exponentially. From the perspective of stock, over the past 50 years, China has produced at least 30 billion cubic meters of clay bricks, which will mostly be transformed into construction waste in the next 50 years; China currently has 50 billion square meters of buildings, and most of them will also be converted into construction waste in the next 100 years; from the perspective of increment, the construction area of buildings in the national construction industry was 4.102 billion square meters in 2006, and it reached 1.2397 billion square meters in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 13%.
The recycling of construction waste is an urgent matter that cannot be delayed. According to the incomplete statistics available, there are currently 867 construction waste treatment plants in 18 provinces and cities across China. As of the first half of 2016, there were 867 such treatment plants in total, among which 238 were standardized construction waste treatment facilities, accounting for 28% of the total number of treatment plants; the number of unstandardized treatment facilities is extremely large, and there are 32 facilities with landslide risks and 20 facilities with other risks.
Since 2015, a total of 153 construction waste disposal facilities have been put into operation within the statistics, with a total capacity of approximately 5.5 billion tons. The newly launched facilities are mainly concentrated in the eastern and central regions. According to the statistics, 64% of the standardized disposal facilities within the statistics were newly launched after 2015, indicating that the construction waste disposal is in a stage of rapid development.
At present, in China, there are only about 70 production lines with an annual disposal capacity of over 1 million tons for construction waste that have been put into operation or are under construction. There are several hundred small-scale disposal enterprises. The total amount of resource utilization is less than 100 million tons. The majority of these enterprises are privately-owned. The actual production capacity of the established large-scale production lines is less than 50% and most of them are not profitable. The overall resource utilization rate of construction waste is less than 10%, which is much lower than 90% in Europe and America and 95% in Japan and South Korea.
From the quantity alone, it can be seen that currently, the way we handle construction waste in our country is still at the stage of simple landfill and stacking. For every 10,000 tons of construction waste produced, at least one acre of land is required for storage. Studies have shown that by the end of 2015, the total area of urban land across the country was 9,161,000 hectares. Among them, the urban area accounted for 46.5%, totaling 63.898 million acres. Assuming that each 10,000 tons of construction waste occupies 2 acres of land (with a pile height of 5 meters), the approximately 1.5 billion tons of construction waste produced in our country each year would occupy more than 3 million acres of land resources in a year.
Zero landfilling of domestic waste is an inevitable trend. The two disposal methods of landfilling and stacking not only occupy a large amount of land but also cause many environmental pollution problems such as groundwater pollution and leakage of landfill gas polluting the atmosphere. At the same time, there are also safety hazards caused by excessive stacking. The construction waste landfill is actually a storage site for construction waste. Its main function is to temporarily store reusable construction waste for reuse during the construction of new roads and bridges. With the advancement of urban construction in China, the demand for landfilling and storage of construction waste has gradually decreased. Landfilling of construction waste is not the final disposal method. From a national perspective, zero landfilling of primary waste is an inevitable trend.
As the process of garbage classification progresses, special garbage disposal will enter a targeted processing era. For construction waste, on-site dismantling and landfilling, as well as improving the recycling rate, will be the main processing methods. However, due to the long transportation distances and high processing costs, most regions have not established mandatory collection and transportation systems. Without sufficient financial subsidies and policy guarantees, private enterprises often find it difficult to achieve profitability through the market mechanism. Nevertheless, as the resource-based processing of construction waste enters a period of rapid development on a large scale, this situation will be changed.
Shanxi Province has proposed that regions with the necessary conditions should establish new industrial parks for the production of building materials based on the recycling of construction waste. This will promote the large-scale, efficient and industrialized development of recycled building waste products. Each city should formulate supportive policies to encourage enterprises engaged in the recycling of construction waste to develop through methods such as award-replacement subsidies and loan interest subsidies.
In Beijing, with the relocation of non-capital functions and the demolition of illegal constructions and the renovation of shantytowns, a large amount of construction waste has been generated. The "13th Five-Year Plan for Urban Management in Beijing" indicates that during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, the rate of standardized disposal of construction waste should reach 85%, and the resource utilization capacity should be increased to 8 million tons. Currently, the capacity of construction waste resource recycling facilities in Beijing is approximately 200-300 million tons. “ During the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, Beijing will also plan to set up a processing base in Daxing, Fengtai, Fangshan, Haidian and Chaoyang. The first fixed disposal terminal PPP project for construction waste in Chaoyang District of Beijing, the Gao'an Tun project, is scheduled to be completed in 2018 and will be able to handle up to 1 million tons of construction waste annually.
Gaohan Tun Construction Waste Fixed Disposal Terminal PPP Project The Ga'an Tun project will consist of a construction waste treatment system, a slag incineration treatment system, and a resource utilization product production system, forming a closed loop for the recycling of construction waste. Among them, the construction waste treatment system can handle up to 1 million tons of construction waste annually; the slag treatment system mainly disposes of the slag produced by the Ga'an Tun domestic waste incineration plant for resource utilization, with an annual disposal capacity of up to 230,000 tons; the resource utilization product production system will set up a concrete product workshop, a cold-mixed asphalt concrete mixing plant, and a road material mixing station, capable of producing 40 million blocks of masonry, 500,000 square meters of wall panels, 615,000 tons of recycled road materials, and 409,000 tons of recycled aggregates annually.
Henan Province, as a populous province in China, has taken the lead in the field of construction waste treatment and disposal. According to statistics, in 2016, the total amount of construction waste generated in Henan Province was 105.22 million tons. Of this, 48.18 million tons were directly used or recycled for disposal, with a resource utilization rate of 45.79%. This exceeded the provincial government's target of 40% resource utilization. These construction wastes can save over 18 million tons of land and natural raw materials, produce over 10 billion standard bricks, save over 1.3 million tons of coal, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by over 600,000 tons, increase output value by over 4 billion yuan, and create over 5,000 jobs in the society. Currently, seven cities in Henan Province, namely Xuchang, Zhengzhou, Anyang, Xinxiang, Pingdingshan, Jiaozuo, and Yongcheng, have built facilities for the resource utilization of construction waste, with an annual processing capacity of around 21 million tons.
In recent years, approximately 3 million tons of construction waste are collected and disposed of in Shanghai each year. To avoid waste of resources and excessive pressure on the end-processing facilities, the resource utilization based on meticulous sorting will be the main method for the disposal of construction waste in Shanghai. The first line of production line in Shanghai specifically for sorting and classifying construction waste and subsequent resource utilization has been in trial operation at Jinglian Road in Xuhui District. Currently, its daily processing capacity of construction waste can reach over 1,500 tons. Projects for the transfer, sorting and resource utilization of construction waste like those in Xuhui District have now reached 18. In Cao Lu Town of Pudong New Area, a comprehensive disposal and utilization experimental base for solid waste has been established. Once the base is fully completed, it is expected to have the following disposal capabilities: (1) Disposal capacity of construction waste: 600 - 800 tons per day, with a return rate (including incineration) less than 20%; (2) Disposal capacity of waste slag: 150 tons per day; (3) Disposal capacity of construction waste: 300 tons per day; (4) Processing capacity of roadbed materials: 3.5 million tons per year.
